Toner

ABSTRACT

The toner of the present invention, comprising a colored resin particle and an external additive, wherein said external additive contains a silica fine particle (A) having a Dv50/Dv10 of 1.8 or more, in which Dv10 represents a particle diameter at which a volume cumulative total from small particle diameter side is 10% and Dv50 represents a particle diameter at which the mentioned volume cumulative total is 50%, a volume average particle diameter in the range from 0.1 to 1.0μ, and a sphericity in the range from 1 to 1.3. The toner of the present invention cause less fog, and excellent resolution on the printed image, excellent in cleaning property, and cause less filming.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a toner for developing an electrostaticlatent image formed by an electrophotographic process, electrostaticrecording process and the like, and in particular, to a toner, lesslikely to cause fog and excellent cleaning properties.

BACKGROUND ART

In an image forming apparatus such as an electrophotographic apparatusand electrostatic recording apparatus, an electrostatic latent imageformed on a photoconductive member is first developed with a toner.After the toner image formed is then transferred to a transfer mediumsuch as paper or OHP film, the transferred toner image is fixed theretoby any of various methods such as heating, pressing and use of solventvapor.

On the transfer process, since the toner partly remains on thephotoconductive member, it is necessary to remove the residual tonerfrom the photoconductive member. A cleaning process for removing theresidual toner from the photoconductive member after the transferprocess includes a developing-spontaneously cleaning method (acleaner-less method) for removing the residual toner on thephotoconductive member without using a cleaning device, and anothercleaning method using a cleaning device such as a cleaning blade and thelike. And, such the image forming apparatus has mainly employed apulverized toner which is produced in such a manner that a thermoplasticresin including a colorant, a charge control agent and the like ismelt-blended for uniform dispersion and then the dispersion is subjectedto pulverizing and classification.

Currently, the image forming apparatus is becoming more and moreadvanced and thus achievement of high speed as well as high resolutionby a method of forming an electrostatic latent image by a laser isdemanded. Accordingly, in addition to achieving a small particlediameter and a sharp particle diameter distribution for responding tothe high resolution requirement, toners are required to havelow-temperature fixing ability so as to correspond with high-printingspeed model printers. However, the above-mentioned method for producinga pulverized toner has a difficulty for producing a toner having aparticle diameter of about 5 to 6 μm or less and a limitation fordesigning a particle size distribution narrow at the classificationprocess.

In order to solve such the problems, a toner producing method using apolymerization method has been proposed. The toners produced by thepolymerization method are excellent in flowability and transferringability for transferring onto a transfer medium. However, thepolymerized toner adheres to a photoconductive member with a largeadhesion force, so that the polymerized toner is easily passed through aspace between the photoconductive member and the cleaning blade, therebyto cause cleaning failure.

Accordingly, generally, an additive referred to as an external additiveis externally added to the surface of the colored resin particle. Forthe external additive, an inorganic fine particle is used typically.

For instance, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Hei 5-224456discloses a developer comprising a toner for developing an electrostaticlatent image including at least a binder resin and a colorant, and aspherical silica particle produced by a deflagration method. Theliterature shows that the developer is excellent in flowability,cleaning properties and the like. However, the toner disclosed in theliterature causes lowering of cleaning properties due to printing over along period of time, resulting in contamination of a photoconductivemember and generation of fog on printed image.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open 2001-281911 proposed by theinventers of the present invention discloses a toner including anorganic fine particle and an inorganic fine particle each having anaverage particle diameter and a sphericity within a specific range,respectively. And, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open 2001-281918proposed by the inventors discloses a toner including a silicatecompound having a degree of hydrophobicity, a number average particlediameter and a sphericity within a specific range, respectively. Thetoners in both literatures can provide an image having high imagedensity without fog and blur even if recycled papers are used. Besidethat, a toner causing less fog and improved in cleaning properties arerequired.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open 2002-318467 discloses a toner towhich an external additive is added, in which the external additivecomprises a fine particle charged with an opposite polarity of the tonerand having a particle diameter within a specific range, amonodispersespherical silica having a gravity and a particle diameter within aspecific range, respectively, and an organic compound having a diametersmaller than the monodisperse spherical silica. The literature furtherdiscloses that an image forming apparatus using the disclosed toner doesnot cause degradation of image quality and can prevent cleaning failure.However, since a toner comes to be used under a high-temperature andhumidity condition recently, a toner causing less fog and improved incleaning properties even under various humidity and temperatureconditions is required.

-   Published Patent literature 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open    Hei 5-224456,-   Published Patent literature 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open    2001-284911,-   Published Patent literature 3: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open    2001-281918,-   Published Patent literature 4: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open    2002-318467.

Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide a toner,causing less fog and having excellent cleaning properties.

DISCLOSURE Of THE INVENTION

The inventor of the present invention carried out an in-depth study toaccomplish the object. As a result, he has found this object can beaccomplished by using a toner comprising a colored resin particle and anexternal additive, in which the external additive comprises a silicafine particle having a wide particle diameter distribution.

The present invention has been accomplished based on the above findingand provide a toner comprising a colored resin particle and an externaladditive, wherein said external additive comprises a silica fineparticle (A) having a Dv50/Dv10 of 1.8 or more, in which Dv10 representsa particle diameter at which a volume cumulative total from smallparticle diameter side is 10% and Dv50 represents a particle diameter atwhich the mentioned volume cumulative total is 50%, a volume averageparticle diameter in the range from 0.1 to 1.0 μm or more, and asphericity in the range from 1 to 1.3.

Using the toner makes it possible to improve cleaning properties andthus lower generation of fog on printed image.

In the present invention, the silica fine particle (A) preferably has anappearance bulk density in the range from 50 to 250 g/l.

And, in the present invention, the silica fine particle (A) ispreferably produced by a melting method.

Furthermore, in the present invention, the external additive preferablyfurther comprises a silica fine particle (B) having a volume averagediameter in the range from 5 to 80 nm.

And, the external additive preferably further comprises a conductiveinorganic particle (C) having a volume average diameter in the rangefrom 0.01 to 1 μm.

EFFECT OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, a toner providing less fog andexcellent resolution on printed image and having excellent cleaningproperties, additionally causing less filming, can be provided.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

A toner according to the present invention is described in detail below.

A toner of the present invention comprises a colored resin particles andan external additive. In the present invention, the external additivetypically adheres to the colored resin particles or is embedded thereonpartially. And, the external additive may be partially isolated from thecolored resin particles.

The silica fine particle (A) comprised in the external additiveconstituting the toner according to the present invention is designed tohave a ratio of Dv50 to Dv10 (a Dv50/Dv10) of 1.8 or more, morepreferably 2 or more, in which Dv10 represents a particle diameter atwhich a volume cumulative total from small particle diameter side is 10%and Dv50 represents a particle diameter at which the mentioned volumecumulative total is 50%. If the Dv50/Dv10 is less than 1.8, theresulting toner may be blocked and filming may be generated on thephotoconductive member.

The silica fine particle (A) has a volume average diameter in the rangefrom 0.1 to 1 μm, preferably in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 μm. Using thesilica fine particle (A) having the above described average diameterleads to the toner excellent in flowability and transferring property.

A method for measuring the particle diameter and the particle diameterdistribution of the silica fine particle (A) includes, but is notlimited to, a method for dispersing the silica fine particle (A) intowater and then measuring the resultant dispersion using a laser typeparticle diameter measurement apparatus (for example, “MICROTRACUPA150”, Trade, Name, manufactured by NIKKISO Co., Ltd.).

The silica fine particle (A) has preferably a sphericity in the rangefrom 1 to 1.3, more preferably in the range from 1 to 1.2. If thesphericity is larger than 1.3, cleaning properties is lowered and thusfog is generated on printed image.

In the viewpoint for obtaining a spherical toner having a wide particlediameter distribution and having excellent environmental stability, thesilica fine particle (A) is preferably produced by a melting method.

And, the silica fine particle (A) has preferably an appearance bulkdensity in the range from 50 to 250 g/l, more preferably in the rangefrom 80 to 200 g/l. If the appearance bulk density is lower than 50 g/l,filming may be generated on a photoconductive member, on the contrary,if the appearance bulk density is larger than 250 g/l, cleaningproperties may be deteriorated and thus cause fog on printed image.

The silica fine particle (A) is preferably produced in such a mannerthat a silica fine particle is hydrophobicitizing-treated with atreating agent such as silane coupling agent, silicone oil, fatty acidand fatty acid soap. A method of the hydrophobicitizing treatmentincludes a process for dropping or splaying the aforesaid treating agentto the silica fine particle while stirring the silica fine particle at ahigh speed, a process for dissolving the aforesaid treating agent in anorganic solvent and then adding the silica fine particle to the organicsolvent comprising the treating agent while stirring the organicsolvent, and the like. In the former process, the treating agent may bediluted with an organic solvent and the like. The silica fine particle(A) preferably has a degree of hydrophobicity in the range from 40 to95%, wherein the degree of hydrophobicity is measured using a methanoltest. If the degree of hydrophobicity is smaller than 40%, the resultingtoner is easily influenced by environmental conditions. Especially,under a high temperature and high humidity environmental condition, acharge amount of the toner decreases, causing fog on printed imageeasily. On the other hand, if the degree of hydrophobicity is largerthan 95%, under a low temperature and low humidity condition, a chargeamount of the toner increases, causing lowering of an image density.

An amount of the silica fine particle (A) is generally in the range from0.3 to 5 parts by weight, preferably in the range from 0.5 to 3 parts,per 100 parts by weight of the colored resin particle. If the amount ofthe silica fine particle (A) is smaller than the aforesaid range, thecleaning property may be deteriorated and flowability of the resultingtoner may be lowered. On the other hand, if the amount of the silicafine particle is larger than 5 parts by weight, flowability of the tonermay be lowered, resulting in blur on printed image.

In the present invention, the external additive can comprise only theaforesaid silica fine particle (A). More preferably, the externaladditive further comprises a silica fine particle (B) having a volumeaverage particle diameter in the range from 5 to 80 nm, more preferablyin the range from 7 to 30 nm, and a conductive inorganic fine particle(C).

It is preferable to employ the silica fine particle (B) which ishydrophobicitizing treated, well as the aforesaid silica fine particle(A). In this case, the silica fine particle (B) preferably has a degreeof hydrophobicity in the range from 40 to 95%. If the degree ofhydrophobicity is smaller than 40%, the resulting toner is easilyinfluenced by environmental conditions. Especially, under a hightemperature and high humidity condition, a charge amount of the tonerdecreases, causing fog on printed image easily. On the other hand, ifthe degree of hydrophobicity is larger than 95%, under a low temperatureand low humidity condition, a charge amount of the toner increases,causing lowering of an image density.

An amount of the silica fine particle (B) is preferably in the rangefrom 0.1 to 3 parts by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.3 to2 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the colored resinparticle. If the amount of the silica fine particle (B) is smaller thanthe aforesaid range, cleaning property of the resulting toner maydecrease. On the other hand, if the amount of the silica fine particle(B) is larger than the range, noise and fixing failure may occur underlow temperature and low humidity condition.

The conductive inorganic fine particle (C) has a specific resistance inthe range of 500 Ω·cm or below, more preferably in the range from 0.1 to300 Ω·cm, most preferably in the range from 1 to 200 Ω·cm. If thespecific resistance is larger than 500 Ω·cm, a charge amount of theresulting toner may become large, and image density was reduced underlow temperature and low humidity condition. On the other hand, if thespecific resistance is smaller than 0.1 Ω·cm, a charge amount of thetoner may become small, causing fog on printed image under hightemperature and high humidity.

As the aforesaid conductive inorganic fine particle (C), there can bementioned; a tin oxide fine particle, a titanium oxide fine particlesurface-treated with tin oxide, at it aniumoxide fine particlesurface-treated with tin oxide doped with antimony (for instance,“EC-100”, “EC-210” and “EC-300”, Trade Name, manufactured by Titan KogyoK.K., “ET300W”, “ET500W” and “ET600W”, Trade, Name, manufactured byIshihara Industry Co., Ltd. and “W-P”, Trade Name, manufactured by JEMCOInc.), a titanium oxide fine particle surface-treated with indium oxidedoped with antimony (for instance, “EC-500” and “EC-510”, Trade Name,manufactured by Titan Kogyo K.K ), a aluminum oxide fine particlesurface-treated with indium oxide doped with antimony (for instance,“EC-700”, Trade Name, manufactured by Titan Kogyo K.K ), a silicon oxidefine particle surface-treated with tin oxide doped with antimony (forinstance, “EC-650”, Trade Name, manufactured by Titan Kogyo K.K), atin-antimony complex oxide fine particle (for instance, “EC-900”, TradeName, manufactured by Titan Kogyo K.K, “T-1”, Trade Name manufactured byJEMCO Inc.), and an indium-tin complex oxide fine particle (forinstance, “ITO”, Trade Name, manufactured by JEMCO Inc.,).

The aforesaid conductive inorganic fine particle (C) generally has anumber average particle diameter in the range from 0.01 to 2 μm, morepreferably in the range from 0.03 to 1 μm, most preferably in the rangefrom 0.05 to 0.5 μm. The particle diameter having the aforesaid rangeallows the resulting toner having a suitable charge property even underdifferent conditions.

The conductive inorganic particle (C) is hydrophobicitizing treated withsilane coupling agent, higher fatty acid metal salt and the like. Theconductive inorganic fine particle (C) preferably has a degree ofhydrophobicity in the range from 5 to 90%, more preferably in the rangefrom 10 to 80%, most preferably in the range from 20 to 70%, wherein thedegree of hydrophobicity is measured using a methanol test.

An amount of the conductive inorganic fine particle (C) is preferably inthe range from 0.05 to 2 parts by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 1 partsby weight, per 100 parts by weight of the colored resin particle. If theamount of the conductive inorganic fine particle (C) is smaller than theaforesaid range, fog is generated on printed image under low temperatureand low humidity condition, or high temperature and high humiditycondition. On the other hand, if the amount of the conductive inorganicfine particle (C) is larger than the range, the fine particles (C) maybe released from the colored resin particle, causing spoiling membersinside of a toner cartridge.

In the present invention, the external additive comprises, preferably,the silica fine particle (B) and the conductive inorganic fine particle(C), in addition to the silica fine particle (A). In addition, anotherexternal additive, which is used to a conventionally-used toner, may beemployed. As the external additive, there can be mentioned; an inorganicfine particle and an organic fine particle, in which the inorganic fineparticle includes, for instance, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zincoxide, tin oxide, cerium oxide, silicon nitride, calcium carbonate,calcium phosphate, barium titanate, strontium titanate and the like, andthe organic fine particle includes a methacrylic ester polymer particle,a acrylic ester polymer particle, a styrene-methacrylic ester co polymerparticle, a styrene-acrylic ester copolymer particle, core-shellstructured particles having a core formed of styrene polymer and a shellformed of methacrylic ester polymer, melamine resin particle and thelike.

The colored resin particle constituting a toner according to the presentinvention is a particle comprising at least a binder resin and acolorant, preferably a parting agent and a charge control agent, inaddition thereto, and a magnetic material if necessary.

As the examples of the binder resin, there can be mentioned; resins suchas polystyrene, styrene-butyl acrylate copolymers, polyester resins andepoxy resins, which are conventionally used for the toner.

As the colorant, any pigments and dyes can be employed, in addition tocarbon black, titanium black, magnetic powder, oil black, and titaniumwhite. Carbon black having a primary particle diameter in the range from20 to 40 nm is preferably used as a black colorant. The particlediameter within this range is preferred because such carbon black can beuniformly dispersed in the toner and fog in printed image developedusing the resulting toner decreases.

For a full color toner, a yellow colorant, a magenta colorant and a cyancolorant are generally used.

As the yellow colorant, there can be mentioned; compounds such as azopigments, and condensed polycyclic pigments. Specific examples of theyellow colorant include pigments such as C.I. Pigment Yellow 3, 12, 13,14, 15, 17, 62, 65, 73, 74, 83, 90, 93, 97, 120, 138, 155, 180, 181, 185and 186.

As the magenta colorant, there can be mentioned; compounds such as azopigments, and condensed polycyclic pigments. Specific examples of themagenta colorant include pigments such as C.I. Pigment Red 31, 48, 57,58, 60, 63, 64, 68, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 90, 112, 114, 122, 123, 144,146, 149, 150, 163, 170, 184, 185, 187, 202, 206, 207, 209, 251, andC.I. Pigment Violet 19.

As the cyan colorant, there can be mentioned; cupper phthalocyaninecompounds and their derivatives, anthraquinone compounds and the like.Specific examples of the cyan colorant include pigments such as C.I.Pigment Blue 2, 3, 6, 15, 15:1, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4, 16, 17, and 60.

An amount of the colorant is preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight per 100parts by weight of the binder resin.

As the aforesaid parting agent, there can be mentioned; polyolefin waxessuch as low molecular weight polyethylene, low molecular weightpolypropylene and low molecular weight polybutylene; natural plant waxessuch as candelilla, carnauba, rice, wood wax and jojoba; petroleum waxessuch as paraffin, microcrystalline and petrolatum, as well as waxesmodified therefrom; synthetic waxes such as Fischer-Tropsch wax; andpolyfunctional ester compounds such as pentaerythritol tetramyristate,pentaerythritol tetrapalmitate, and dipentaerythritol hexamyristate.

These parting agents may be used alone or in a combination thereof.

Among these parting agents, synthetic waxes and multifunctional estercompounds are preferred. Furthermore, multifunctional ester compoundsare more preferred, which show an endothermic peak temperature withinthe range preferably from 30° C. to 150° C., more preferably from 40° C.to 100° C., most preferably from 50° C. to 80° C., measured with a DSCcurve by means of a differential scanning calorimeter at risingtemperature, because a toner excellent in a balance between fixingproperty and peeling property during fixing is obtained. In particular,those having a molecular weight of 1,000 or more and soluble in styreneat 25° C. in amount of 5 parts by weight or more based on 100 parts byweight of styrene, and having an acid value of 10 mg KOH/g or less, areeven more preferred, because it exhibits a distinguished effect inlowering a fixing temperature. As the multifunctional ester compounds,dipentaerythritol hexamyristate and pentaerythritol tetrapalmitate areparticularly preferred. The endothermic peak temperature refer to valuesmeasured in accordance with ASTM D3418-82.

An amount of the parting agent is generally 3 to 20 parts by weight,preferably 5 to 15 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of thebinder resin.

In the present invention, the toner preferably further comprises acharge control agent. As the charge control agent, charge control agentsused in conventionally used toners can be employed without limitation.Among the charge control agents, a charge control resin is preferable,because charge control resins have high compatibility with binderresins, are colorless, and can provide a toner with a stable chargingproperty even when it is used in high-speed continuous color printing.As the positive charge control resin, there can be mentioned; quaternaryammonium (salt) group-containing copolymers produced in accordance withthe descriptions of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. Sho63-60458, Hei 3-175456, Hei 3-243954, and Hei 11-15192. And, as thenegative charge control resin, there can be mentioned; sulfonic acid(salt) group-containing copolymers produced in accordance with thedescriptions of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. Hei 1-217464and Hei 3-15858.

An amount of the monomer unit having the quaternary ammonium (salt)group or the sulfonic acid (salt) group contained in these copolymers ispreferably 0.5 to 15% by weight, more preferably 1 to 10% by weight. Ifthe content of the monomer unit is within this range, an amount ofelectrostatic charge of the toner is easy to control, and the generationof fog in printed image developed using the toner can be minimized.Preferred as the charge control resin is that having a weight averagemolecular weight of 2,000 to 50, 000, more preferably 4,000 to 40,000,most preferably 6,000 to 20,000. If the charge control agent has aweight average molecular weight less than 2,000, offset occurs onprinted image; if the charge control agent has a weight averagemolecular weight more than 50,000, fixing ability of the resulting tonermay deteriorate.

A glass transition temperature of the charge control resin is preferablyfrom 40 to 80 ° C., more preferably from 45 to 75° C., most preferablyfrom 45 to 70° C. If the glass transition temperature of the chargecontrol resin is lower than 40° C., the shelf stability of the resultingtoner may become deteriorated. If the glass transition temperatureexceeds 80° C., fixing ability of the resulting toner may lower.

An amount of the charge control agent is generally 0.01 to 20 parts byweight, preferably 0.3 to 10 parts, per 100 parts by weight of thebinder resin.

The colored resin particle may be a so-called core-shell structured(also called “capsule type”) particle, in which the polymer for an innerlayer (an core layer) of the particle is different from the binder resinfor an outer layer (a shell layer) of the particle. The core-shellstructure is preferred because the type can provide a favorable balancebetween lowering of the fixing temperature and prevention of aggregationof the toner during storage by covering the low softening pointsubstance as the inner layer (core layer) with a substance having ahigher softening point.

Generally, the core layer of the core-shell type particle is composed ofthe aforementioned binder resin and colorant, further a charge controlresin and a parting agent if necessary, while the shell layer iscomposed of the binder resin alone.

The proportion by weight of the core layer to the shell layer of thecore-shell type particle is not particularly limited, but is generallyin the range from 80/20 to 99.9/0.1. By using the shell layer in thisproportion, good shelf stability and good low temperature fixing abilityof the toner can be fulfilled at the same time.

An average thickness of the shell layer of the core-shell type particlemay be generally 0.001 to 0.1 μm, preferably 0.003 to 0.08 μm, morepreferably 0.005 to 0.05 μm. If the thickness is too large, fixingability of the resulting toner may decline. If it is too small, shelfstability of the resulting toner may decline. The core particleconstituting the colored resin particle of the core-shell type particledoes not necessarily have all of its surface covered with the shelllayer. The surface of the core particle may partly be covered with theshell layer.

A diameter of the core particle and a thickness of the shell layer ofthe core-shell type particle can be measured by directly measuring thediameter and thickness of particles which are chosen randomly fromphotographs taken with an electron microscope, if possible. When it isdifficult to observe both of the core and shell layer by an electronmicroscope, they can be calculated based on the diameter of the coreparticle and the amount of the monomer used for forming the shell layerat the time of producing the toner.

The colored resin particle constituting a toner according to the presentinvention has preferably a volume average particle diameter Dv of 3 to15 μm, more preferably 4 to l2 μm, most preferably 4 to 12 82 m. If theDv is less than 3 μm, flowability of the resulting toner lowers,resulting in lowering transferring ability and thus causing blur orlowering image density. On the other hand, if the Dv is larger than 15μm, resolution of printed image may be lowered.

The colored resin particles constituting a toner according to thepresent invention preferably has a ratio (Dv/Dp) of the volume averageparticle diameter (Dv) to a number average particle diameter (Dp) from1.0 to 1.3, preferably 1.0 to 1.2. If the Dv/Dp exceeds 1.3,transferring ability of the resulting toner may be lowered, resulting inprinted image having blur, lowered image density and resolution.

The volume average particle diameter and the number average particlediameter of the colored resin particles can be measured, for example, byuse of MULISIZER (Trade Name, manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc.).

The colored resin particle constituting a toner according to the presentinvention preferably has a sphericity from 1.0 to 1.3, more preferably1.0 to 1.2. If the colored resin particle having a sphericity of 1.3 ormore is used, fixing ability may deteriorate and flowability of theresulting toner may be lowered, resulting in blur on printed imageeasily.

In this description, the sphericity is represented by a value (Sc/Sr)which divided an area (Sc) of a circle having an absolute maximumdiameter of an particle by a substantial projected area (Sr) of theparticle. The sphericity is measured in the following manner.

The sphericity of each of silica fine particle and colored resinparticle is measured such that each of the silica fine particle andcolored resin particle is photographed with an electronic microscope.Then, each photographis processedbyan image processing and analysisapparatus LUZEX IID (Trade Name, manufactured by Nireco Corporation)under a condition in which an area ratio of the particles to an area ofthe frame is 2% at the maximum and the total number of the particles tobe processed is 100. And, the sphericitiy is obtained by averaging thesphericities of 100 of the processed particle.

A producing method of the colored resin particle preferably includes,not limited to, any polymerization methods such as a suspensionpolymerization method, an emulsion polymerization method and the like.Especially, a suspension polymerization method is preferred.

Next, a method for producing the colored resin particles by thesuspension polymerization method will be described in detail. Thecolored resin particle constituting a toner according to the presentinvention is produced such that a polymerizable monomer which is a rawmaterial of the binder resin, a colorant, a charge control agent andother additives are dissolved or dispersed to obtain a polymerizablemonomer composition, the obtained polymerizable monomer composition ispolymerized in an aqueous dispersing medium containing a dispersionstabilizer in the presence of a polymerization initiator and thensubjected to a filtration, washing, dehydration and drying.

In the present invention, the polymerizable monomer composition ispreferably obtained in the following manner. A charge control resin usedas a charge control agent is previously mixed with the colorant toprepare a charge control resin composition. Then, the charge controlresin composition is added and mixed to the polymerizable monomer withthe parting agent and the like. In such a case, an amount of thecolorant is generally 10 to 200 parts by weight, more preferably 20 to150 parts, per 100 parts of the charge control resin.

To prepare the charge control resin composition, the use of an organicsolvent is preferable. By using the organic solvent, the charge controlresin softens and is easily mixable with the pigment.

An amount of the organic solvent is generally 0 to 100 parts by weight,preferably 5 to 80 parts by weight, more preferably 10 to 60 parts byweight, per 100 parts by weight of the charge control resin. Within thisrange, an excellent balance between dispersibility and processability ofthe polymerizable monomer composition is obtained. The organic solventmay be added either at one time or dividedly upon observing thecondition of the mixture.

The mixing of the charge control resin and the organic solvent may beperformed using an equipment such as a roll, a kneader, a single screwextruder, a twin screw extruder, a Banbury mixer, a Buss co-kneader andthe like. When an organic solvent is used, it is preferred to use asealable mixing equipment for preventing leakage of the organic solventto the outside.

Moreover, it is preferable to use a mixing equipment furnishing a torquemeter because the torque meter enables to monitor and control thedispersibility with a level of the torque.

As a polymerizable monomer, there can be mentioned, for instance, amonovinyl monomer, a cross-linkable monomer and a macromonomer. Thesepolymerizable monomers become the binder resin component afterpolymerization.

Specific examples of the monovinyl monomers include; aromatic vinylmonomers such as styrene, vinyl toluene and α-methyl styrene; acrylicester monomers such as acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate,propyl acrylate, butyl acrulate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, cyclohexylacrylate and isobonyl acrylylate; methacrylic ester monomers such asmethacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propylmethacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethlhexyl methacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate and isobonyl methacrylylate; and mono olefin monomers suchas ethylene, propylene and butylenes; and the like.

The monovinyl monomers may be used alone or in a combination thereof.Among the monovinyl monomers as mentioned above, it is preferable to usearomatic vinyl monomers alone, or to use aromatic vinyl monomers in acombination with acrylic ester monomers or methacrylic ester monomers

The use of the crosslinkable monomer in a combination with the monovinylmonomer effectively improves hot offset resistance of the resultingtoner. The crosslinkable monomer is a monomer having two or more vinylgroups. As specific examples of the crosslinkable monomer, there can bementioned; divinylbenzene, divinylnaphthalene, ethlenglycoldimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triallyl ether and trimethylolpropanetriacrylate. These crosslinkable monomers may be used alone or in acombination thereof. An amount of the crosslinkable monomer is generally10 parts by weight or less, preferably 0.1 to 2 parts by weight, per 100parts by weight of the monovinyl monomer.

It is preferable to use a macromonomer together with the monovinylmonomer because this use provides a satisfactory balance between shelfstability and fixing ability at a low temperature. The macromonomer isan oligomer or polymer having a polymerizable carbon-carbon unsaturateddouble bond at its molecular chain terminal and a number averagemolecular weight of generally from 1,000 to 30,000.

The macromonomer is preferably the one which gives a polymer having aglass transition temperature higher than that of a polymer obtained bypolymerizing the above-mentioned monovinyl monomer alone.

An amount of the macromonomer used is generally 0.01 to 10 parts byweight, preferably 0.03 to 5 parts by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 1part by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the monovinyl monomer.

As examples of the polymerization initiator, there can be mentioned;persulfates such as potassium persulfate and ammonium persulfate; azocompounds such as 4,4′-azobis-(4-cyanovaleric acid),2,2′-azobis-(2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl))propionamide,2,2′-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride,2,2′-azobis-(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) and2,2′-azobis-isobutyronitrile; and peroxides such as di-t-butyl peroxide,benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-hexylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, di-isopropylperoxydicarbonate, di-t-butyl peroxyisophthalate, and t-butylperoxyisobutyrate. Redox initiators, composed of combinations of thesepolymerization initiators with a reducing agent, may also be used.

An amount of the polymerization initiator used in the polymerization ofthe polymerizable monomer is preferably 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, morepreferably 0.3 to 15 parts by weight, most preferably 0.5 to 10 parts byweight, per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer. Thepolymerization initiator may be added to the polymerizable monomercomposition in advance or may be added to an aqueous dispersion mediumafter forming droplets depending on conditions.

Moreover, at the time of polymerization, a dispersion stabilizer may beadded to the reaction system. As the dispersion stabilizer, there can bementioned; a metallic compound such as sulfates such as barium sulfateand calcium sulfate; carbonates such as barium carbonate, calciumcarbonate and magnesium carbonate; phosphates such as calcium phosphate;and metal oxides such as aluminum oxide and titanium oxide; and besides,metallic hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydrate andferric hydroxide; water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol,methyl cellulose and gelatin; anionic surfactants; nonionic surfactants;and amphoteric surfactants. The aforesaid dispersion stabilizer may beused alone or in combination of two kinds thereof.

Among the above dispersion stabilizers,a dispersion stabilizercontaining colloid of the metallic compound, especially a hardlywater-soluble inorganic hydroxide is preferred, since it can narrow theparticle size distribution of a polymer particles; the remaining amountof the dispersion stabilizer after washing is small; and it can sharplyreproduce images.

The colloid of the hardly water-soluble metallic hydroxide preferablyhas a particle diameter (Dp50) of 0.5 μm or less, the particle diameter(Dp50) representing a particle diameter at which a volume cumulativetotal calculated from small particle diameter side in a number particlediameter distribution is 50%, and a particle diameter (Dp90) of 1 μm orless, the particle diameter (Dp90) representing a particle diameter atwhich the mentioned volume cumulative total calculated from smallparticle diameter side is 90%. If the particle diameter of the colloidis too great, the stability of the polymerization may be broken, and thestability of the resulting toner may be deteriorated.

An amount of the above described dispersion stabilizer is preferably 0.1to 20 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of thepolymerizable monomer. If the amount of the dispersion stabilizer islower than 0.1 parts by weight, it is difficult to achieve sufficientpolymerization, so that polymerization aggregate are easy to be formed.On the other hand, if the amount exceeds 20 parts by weight, theviscosity of the polymer dispersion becomes too high, making itdifficult to stir the dispersion.

Further, upon polymerization, a molecular weight modifier is preferablyused. As the molecular weight modifier, there can be mentioned;mercaptans such as t-dodecyl mercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan, n-octylmercaptan and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane-4-thiol and the like. Themolecular weight modifier may be added before or during polymerizationreaction. An amount of the molecular weight modifier is preferably 0.01to 10 parts by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, per 100parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer.

A method for producing the core-shell type colored resin particles isnot limited, and these colored resin particles can be produced by apublicly known method. For example, a method such as spray-dryingmethod, interfacial reaction method, in-situ polymerization method, orphase separation method may be named. Specifically, colored resinparticles obtained by pulverization, polymerization, association orphase inversion emulsification as core particles are covered with ashell layer to prepare core-shell type colored resin particles. Of thesemethods, the in-situ polymerization method and phase-separation methodare preferable because of their efficient productivity.

The method for producing the core-shell type colored resin particlesusing the in-situ polymerization process is described in detail below.

A polymerizable monomer to form a shell (polymerizable monomer forshell) and a polymerization initiator are added to an aqueous dispersionmedium including core particles dispersed therein, and the mixture ispolymerized to obtain the core-shell type colored resin particles.

As specific examples of the process for forming the shell, there can bementioned; a process comprising adding a polymerizable monomer for ashell to a reaction system of a polymerization reaction which has beenconducted for preparing core particles to continuously conductpolymerization; and a process comprising introducing core particlesprepared in a different reaction system and adding a polymerizablemonomer for a shell thereto to conduct polymerization.

The polymerizable monomer for shell may be provided into the reactionsystem at one time, or may be provided continuously or dividedly using apump such as a plunger pump.

As the polymerizable monomer for shell, monomers capable of forming apolymer having a glass transition temperature of higher than 80° C. bypolymerization, such as styrene, acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate,may be used alone or in a combination thereof.

When the polymerizable monomer for shell is added to the reactionsystem, a water-soluble polymerization initiator is preferably, becausethis addition makes it easy to obtain the core-shelltypecolored tonerparticles. It is speculated that when the water-soluble polymerizationinitiator is added during addition of the polymerizable monomer forshell, the water-soluble polymerization initiator migrates to a zonesurrounding the surface of the core particle, the zone where thepolymerizable monomer for shell has moved, so that a polymer (shell) iseasily formable on the surface of the core particle.

As the water-soluble polymerization initiator; there can be mentioned;persulfates such as potassium persulfate, and ammonium persulfate; azocompounds such as 2,2′-azobis-(2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide),and 2,2′-azobis-(2-methyl-N-(1,1′-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide. An amount of the water-soluble polymerizationinitiator is generally 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 20parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomerfor shell.

A temperature during polymerization is preferably 50° C. or higher, morepreferably 60 to 95° C. A polymerization reaction time is preferably 1to 20 hours, more preferably 2 to 10 hours. After completion of thepolymerization, a procedure comprising filtration, washing, dehydrationand drying is preferably repeated several times, as desired, inaccordance with the conventional methods.

In the aqueous dispersion of the colored resin particles obtained by thepolymerization, if an inorganic compound such as inorganic hydroxide isused as the dispersion stabilizer, the dispersion stabilizer ispreferably dissolved in water and removed by adding acid or alkali. Ifcolloid of a hardly water-soluble inorganic hydroxide is used as thedispersion stabilizer, it is preferable to add acid so that pH of theaqueous dispersion is pH6.5 or lower. As the acid to be added, aninorganic acid such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid;or an organic acid such as formic acid or acetic acid; can be used.Sulfuric acid is particularly preferable because it has a highefficiency of its removal and its burden on production facilities islight.

There is no limitation on the method of filtering toner particles fromthe aqueous dispersion medium for dehydration. For example, centrifugalfiltration, vacuum filtration or pressurized filtration can be named. Ofthese methods, centrifugal filtration is preferable.

The toner according to the present invention is obtained by mixing thetoner particles and the external additive and, if desired, other fineparticles by means of a high speed stirrer such as a Henschel mixer.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is hereinafter to be described more specificallyby the following examples. Such examples, however, are not to beconstrued as limiting in any way the scope of the present invention. Alldesignations of “part” or “parts” and “%” used in the following examplesmean part or parts by weight and wt.% unless expressly noted.

(1) Average Particle Diameter and Particle Diameter Distribution ofColored Resin Particle

A volume average particle diameter (Dv) and a particle diameterdistribution, i.e., a ratio (Dv/Dp) of the volume average particlediameter to a number average particle diameter (Dp), of the coloredresin particle was measured by means of a particle diameter measuringdevice (“MULTISIZER”, Trade Name, manufactured by Beckman Coulter Inc.).The measurement by the Multisizer was conducted under the followingconditions:

Aperture diameter: 100 μm;

Medium: Isothone II;

Concentration: 10% and Number of particles measured: 100,000 particles.

(2) Average Particle Diameter and Particle Diameter Distribution ofExternal Additive

0.5 g of silica fine particle was poured in a 100 ml beaker, and a fewdrops of surfacant were dropped therein and 50 ml of ion-exchanged waterwas added therein. Then, after the mixture was dispersed using anultrasonic homogenizer US-150T (TradeName) for 5 minutes, the silicafine particle was measured in a volume average particle diameter usingMICROTRAC UPA150 (Trade Name, manufactured by NIKKISO Co., Ltd.,).

And, a number average particle diameter of the conductive inorganicparticle was measured in such a manner that each of the particles wasphotographed using an electronic microscope. Then, the photograph wasprocessed using an image processing and analysis apparatus LUZEX IID(Trade Name, manufactured by Nireco Corporation), under a condition inwhich an area ratio of the particles to an area of the frame is 2% atthe maximum and the total number of the particles to be processed is100, so as to calculate a circle equivalent diameter of the particles.Then, the obtained particle diameters were averaged.

(3) Sphericity

The sphericity was represented by a value (Sc/Sr) which divided an area(Sc) of a circle having an absolute maximum diameter of each of thecolored resin particle and silica fine particle (A) by a substantialprojected area (Sr) of each of the particles. The sphericity wasmeasured in the following manner. Each of the silica fine particle andcolored resin particle was photographed with an electronic microscope.Then, each photograph was processed by an image processing and analysisapparatus LUZEX IID (Trade Name, manufactured by Nireco Corporation),under a condition in which an area ratio of the particles to an area ofthe frame is 2% at the maximum and the total number of the particles tobe processed is 100. And, the sphericity was obtained by averaging thespheroidicities of 100 of the processed particle.

(4) A Degree of Hydrophobicity

A degree of hydrophobicity of each of the silica fine particle andconductive inorganic particle was measured by a methanol test.

0.2 g of each of the silica fine particle or conductive inorganicparticle was poured in a 500 ml beaker, 50 ml of pure water was addedthereto, and methanol was added under the liquid level under stirringusing a magnetic stirrer. At an end point at which fine particles werenot observed on the liquid level, the degree of hydrophobic property wascalculated using the following equation:a degree of hydrophobic property (%)=(x/(50+X))×100,

wherein X means an amount(ml) of methanol used.

(5) Appearance Bulk Density

The silica fine particles to be measured were gradually added to a 100ml measuring cylinder weighted previously without imparting vibration.When the volume of the silica fine particle added was reached to 100 ml,the measuring cylinder including the silica fine particle was measuredin weight. Then, a difference between the weights before and afteradding the silica fine particles was calculated, and the difference wasmultiplied by 10 to be an appearance bulk density (g/l) of the silicafine particle (A).

(6) Fog

Copy papers were set in a commercially availablenon-magnetic-one-component developing type printer (600 dpi,20-sheet/min machine), and the toner was put in a developing device ofthe printer. The printer was laid still for a day and a night under the(N/N) environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50%.Then, printing was continuously performed at an image density of 5%.And, at the beginning (after 100 papers printing) and at 20,000 papersprinting, the printing was stopped during printing a solid white imageand the toner developed a non-image on the photoconductive member afterdeveloping was stripped off and collected by sticking with an adhesivetape (SCOTCH MENDING TAPE 810-3-18, Trade Name, manufactured by Sumitomo3M Limited). Then the adhesive tape was stuck on a new sheet of paper tomeasure whiteness (B) using a whiteness meter (manufactured by NipponDenshoku Industries Co., Ltd.). At the same time, as a reference, anunused adhesive tape was stuck on the same new sheet of paper to measurewhiteness (A), and the difference (A-B) in the whitenesses A and B wasset to the fog (%). The smaller the difference was, the smaller the fogwas. The samples having no numeric number in table could not beevaluated due to large fog.

(7) Resolution

Using the printer used in (6), the toner was left standing over a dayand night under the (N/N) environment of a temperature of 23° C. and ahumidity of 50%. Then, printing was continuously performed at an imagedensity of 5%. At 20,000 papers printing, line images containing a 1×1dotlines and a 2×2 dotlines were printed, and the printed images wereobserved using an optical microscope. Whether or not the printed imagewas reproduced was evaluated according to the following standards. Thesamples having no results in the table could not be evaluated due tolarge fog.

good: 1×1 dotlines being reproducible.

fair: 1×dotlines being not reproducible and 2×2 dotlines beingreproducible.

poor: 2×2 dotlines being not reproducible.

(8) Cleaning Property

After the toner was put in the developing device of the printer used in(6) and left standing over a day and a night under the (N/N) environmentof a temperature of 23° C. and a humidity of 50%, printing wascontinuously performed at an image density of 5% until 20,000 paperswere printed. Every 1,000 printing, the photoconductive member and thecharging roll were observed in order to count the number of papers atwhich cleaning failure was generated thereon. In the table, “more than20,000” means no cleaning failure at 20,000 printing.

(9) Filming

Printing papers were put in the printer used in (6) and the toner wasput in the developing device of the printer and left standing over a dayand a night under the (N/N) environment of a temperature of 23° C. and ahumidity of 50%. Then, halftone printing was performed at an imagedensity of 5%. Every 500 printing, printed image were evaluated in orderto count the maximum number of papers which could be printed withoutblurred filming on the halftone printed image. In the table, “more than20,000” means no filming at 20,000 printing.

Production Example 1

Preparation of Charge Control Resin Composition

100 parts of charge control resin (a weight average molecular weight:12,000, glass transition temperature: 67° C. obtained by polymerizing82% of styrene, 11% of n-butylacrylate and 7% ofN,N-diethl-N-methyl-(2-methacryloxy)ethlammonium-P-to luenesulfonate wasdispersed into 24 parts of methyl ethyl ketone and 6 parts of methanol.And, the dispersion was mixed by rolls under cooling. After theresulting mixture was winded on the roll, 100 parts of magenta pigment(“C.I. PIGMENT RED 122”, Trade Name, manufactured by Clariant Co.) wasgradually added and stirred for one hour to prepare a charge controlresin composition. During this period, the clearance between the rollswas initially 1 mm, broadened gradually, to finally to 3 mm, and anorganic solvent (a solvent mixture of methyl ethyl ketone/methanol=4/1)was added occasionally according to mixing and kneading condition of thecharge control resin composition. After the stirring, the organicsolvent added was removed under reduced pressure.

Example 1, Comparative Examples 1 to 4

87 parts of styrene, 13 parts of n-butylacrylate, 0.5 parts ofdivinylbenzene, 0.25 parts of polymethacrylate ester macromonomer(“AA6”, Trade Name, Tg: 94° C., manufactured by Toagosei CO., LTD.), 10parts of the charge control resin composition obtained by the productionexample 1, 10 parts of pentaerythritol tetrastearate and 1.5 parts oft-dodecyl mercaptan were dispersed using a beadmill at a roomtemperature to give a homogeneous mixture. While stirring the mixture, 5parts of polymerization initiator “PERBUTYL O” (Trade Name, manufacturedby NOF CORPORATION) was added thereto, and the stirring was continuouslyperformed until the polymerization initiator was dispersed uniformly,thereby to give a polymerizable monomer composition.

At the same time, a n aqueous solution containing 6.9 parts of sodiumhydroxide (alkali metal hydroxide) dissolved in 50 parts ofion-exchanged water was gradually added to an aqueous solutioncontaining 9.8 parts of magnesium chloride (water-soluble polyvalentmetallic salt) dissolved in 250 parts of ion-exchanged water, withstirring, to prepare a magnesium hydroxide colloidal dispersion (colloidof hardly water-soluble metal hydroxide). Then, the polymerizablemonomer composition was added to the colloid dispersion, and the mixturewas stirred and mixed at 12,000 rpm under high shearing force using a TKhomomixer, to form fine droplets of the polymerizable monomercomposition. The thus-formed aqueous dispersion containing thepolymerizable monomer composition mixture was charged into a reactorequipped with an agitating blade to initiate a polymerization reactionat 90° C. At the time the conversion of the monomer into a polymerreached almost 100%, 0.8 parts of methyl methacrylate as a monomer for ashell was added and 0.1 parts of water-soluble polymerization initiator(“VA-086”, Trade Name, manufactured by WakoPure Chemical Industries,Ltd.,) dissolved in 50 parts of ion-exchanged water was added. Then, themixture was polymerized for 4 hours and then cooled, thereby to preparea aqueous dispersion of core-shell type polymer particles.

While stirring the aqueous dispersion of polymer particle thus prepared,the pH of the system was adjusted to 4 or lower using sulfuric acid tobe subjected to acid washing. After the aqueous dispersion was filteredto separate water, 500 parts of ion-exchanged water was newly addedthereto to form a slurry again to subject to water washing. Thereafter,the dehydration and water washing were repeatedly performed severaltimes, and solids contained in the solution was separated by filtrationand dried at 45° C. for two days and night using a dryer to preparecolored resin particles. The colored resin particles thus obtained had avolume average particle diameter (Dv) of 7.8 μm, a particle diameterdistribution (Dv/Dp) of 1.25 and a spheridicity of 1.15.

To 100 parts of the colored resin particles obtained above, externaladditives shown in the table 1 were added in an amount (an amount to 100parts of the colored resin particle) shown in table 1, respectively, andmixed for 3 minutes at 1,400 rpm using HENSCHEL MIXER to prepare toner.

Property of the toner and image quality of a printed image developedusing the toner were evaluated according to the above-mentioned manner.The results were shown in table 1.

In the table 1, the following external additives were used.

Small Diameter Inorganic Particle:

Silica fine particle subjected to a hydrophobicitizing treatment withcyclic sirazan and having a primary particle diameter of 7 nm and adegree of hydrophobicity of 74% (TG820F, Trade Name, manufactured byCABOT JAPAN K.K)

Silica Fine Particle (A):

100 parts of a powder mixture composed of 0.8 mole of silicon metalpowder (an average particle diameter: 10 μm, a maximum particlediameter: 100 μm) to 1.0 mole of SiO₂ of silica powder (an averageparticle diameter: 2 μm, a maximum particle diameter: 60 μm) was mixedto 50 parts of pure water, and the mixture was charged in a thin vesseland then continuously supplied in a bath to an electric furnace of 2000°C. And, hydrogen gas was induced into the electric furnace from the samedirection as the supply direction of the powder mixture, and thehydrogen gas and another generated gas were drawn using an exhaustblower attached at an upper portion opposite to the hydrogen gasinducing direction. In addition, 400 Nm³/hr of air contacted the powdermixture to collect silica fine particles by bag filter under cooling.The silica fine particle thus collected had a particle diameter of0.1μm.

The silica fine particles were classified using a pneumatic separator.The silica fine particle after the classification had a Dv50/Dv10 of2.54, an average particle diameter of 0.2 μm and a spheriodicity of1.12.

Amino modified silicon oil (“BY16-872”, Trade, Name, manufactured byToray Silicone Co., Ltd.) diluted with alcohol was dropped to the silicafine particles such that the amount of the amino modified silicon oilwas 8% by weight to the amount of the silica fine particle, and themixture was heated at 70° C. for 30 minutes under strongly stirring.Then, the solvent was removed from the mixture at 140° C., and themixture was further heated at 210° C. for 4 hours under stronglystirring. Thus, a hydrophobicitizing-treated silica fine particle A wasobtained. The silica fine particle A has a degree of hydrophobicity of80% and an appearance bulk density of 110 g/l.

Silica Fine Particle B:

Tetra methoxy silane purified by distillation was heated and thenbubbled with nitrogen gas, and the tetra methoxy silane was induced toan oxyhydrogen flame burner with nitgogen gas stream to decompose bycombustion in the oxyhydrogen flame. An amount of the supplied tetramethoxy silane was 1268 g/hr, an amount of the supplied oxygen gas was2.8 Nm³/hr, an amount of the supplied hydrogen gas was 2.0 Nm³/hr and anamount of the supplied nitrogen gas was 0.59 Nm3 /hr. The producedspherical silica was collected by a bag filter. The spherical silica hada particle diameter of 0.12 μm. Because the spherical silica particlescontained large amount of finer particles, the finer particles wereremoved using a pneumatic separator, thereby to obtain a silica fineparticles B having a Dv50/Dv10 of 1.65, an average particle diameter of0.15 μm and a sphericity of 1.10. Then, in the same manner as the silicafine particle A, the silica fine particle B was subjected to ahydrophobicitizing treatment. The obtained silica fine particle B had adegree of hydrophobicity of 70% and an appearance bulk density of 300g/l.

Silica Fine Particle C:

Ammonia water was added to ethanol and stirred at 20° C., and tetramethoxy silane was dropped to the mixture for 60 minutes to reactthereto. After dropping, the mixture was continuously stirred at 20° C.for 5 hours to obtain a sol suspension of silica. Then, the solsuspension thus obtained was heated to remove ethanol, and furtherheated at 120° C. to remove water. The obtained silica fine particle hadan average particle diameter of 0.12 μm. Because the silica particlescontained large amount of finer particles, the finer particles wereremoved using a pneumatic separator, thereby to obtain a silica fineparticles C having a Dv50/Dv10 of 1.69, an average particle diameter of0.16 μ mandasphericity of 1.07. Then, in the same manner as the silicafine particle A, the silica fine particle C was subjected to ahydrophobicitizing treatment. The obtained silica fine particle C had adegree of hydrophobicity of 80% and an appearance bulk density of 510g/l.

Silica Fine Particle D:

In the same manner as the preparation of the silica fine particle Cexcept that the reaction temperature was lowered to 10° C. from 20° C.,a silica fine particle was obtained. And, the silica fine particle wassubjected to a hydrophobicitizing treatment in the same manner as thesilica fine particle A. The obtained silica fine particle D had aDv50/Dv10 of 1.27, an average particle diameter of 0.19 μm and asphericity of 1.08. The obtained silica fine particle D had a degree ofhydrophobicity of 60% and an appearance bulk density of 640 g/l.

Silica Fine Particle E:

AEROSIL 50 (Trade Name, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil co., ltd.) wassubjected to a hydrophobicitizing treatment in the same manner as thesilica fine particle A. The obtained silica fine particle E had aDv50/Dv10 of 1.32, an average particle diameter of 0.19 μm and asphericity of 1.24. The obtained silica fine particle E had a degree ofhydrophobicity of 75% and an appearance bulk density of 50 g/l.

Conductive Inorganic Fine Particle:

Conductive titanium oxide (“EC300”, Trade Name, manufactured by TitanKogyo K.K) doped with tin and antimony and having a degree ofhydrophobicity of 0% and a number average particle diameter of 0.08 μm.TABLE 1 Ex. 1 Com. Ex. 1 Com. Ex. 2 Com. Ex. 3 Com. Ex. 4 ExternalAdditive small diameter inorganic fine particle 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5silica fine particle A 1.0 silica fine particle B 1.0 silica fineparticle C 1.0 silica fine particle D 1.0 silica fine particle E 1.0Conductive inorganic fine particle 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Properties oftoner Volume average particle diameter (μm) 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 Particlediameter distribution (Dv/Dp) 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 sphericity 1.151.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 Image properties Fog 0.5 — 1.2 0.8 — Resolusion good— fair fair — Cleaning property 20,000 or more 15,000 20,000 or more20,000 or more 5,000 Filming 20,000 or more 13,000 10,000 5,000 15,000

The results of the evaluation of the toners shown in the table 1 showsthe following facts.

The toners of the Comparative Examples 1 to 4, in which silica fineparticles each having Dv50/Dv10 outside of the scope of the presentinvention were used as external additives, shows fog on the printedimage, less solution, and cleaning failure or filming.

On the contrary, the toner of the Example 1 according to the presentinvention causes less fog on the printed image, good resolution, goodcleaning properties and less filming.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the present invention, there are provided toners causingless fog, and excellent resolution on the printed image, excellent incleaning property, and cause less filming.

1. A toner comprising a colored resin particle and an external additive,wherein said external additive comprises a silica fine particle (A)having a Dv50/Dv10 of 1.8 or more, in which Dv10 represents a particlediameter at which a volume cumulative total from small particle diameterside is 10% and Dv50 represents a particle diameter at which thementioned volume cumulative total is 50%, a volume average particlediameter in the range from 0.1 to 1.0 μm, and a sphericity in the rangefrom 1 to 1.3.
 2. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the silicafine particle (A) has a Dv50/Dv10 of 2 or more.
 3. The toner accordingto claim 1, wherein the silica fine particle (A) has an volume averageparticle diameter in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 μm.
 4. The toneraccording to claim 1, wherein the silica fine particle (A) has anappearance bulk density in the range from 50 to 250 g/l.
 5. The toneraccording to claim 1, wherein the silica fine particle (A) has anappearance bulk density in the range from 80 to 200 g/l.
 6. The toneraccording to claim 1, wherein the silica fine particle (A) is producedby a melting method.
 7. The toner according to claim 1, wherein theexternal additive further comprises a silica fine particle (B) having avolume average particle diameter in the range from 5 to 80 nm.
 8. Thetoner according to claim 1, wherein the external additive furthercomprises a silica fine particle (B) having a volume average particlediameter in the range from 7 to 30 nm.
 9. The toner according to claim8, wherein the external additive further comprises a conductiveinorganic fine particle (C) having a number average particle diameter inthe range from 0.01 to 2 μm.
 10. The toner according to claim 8, whereinthe external additive further comprises a conductive inorganic fineparticle having a number average particle diameter in the range from0.03 to 1 μm.
 11. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the coloredresin particle has a volume average particle diameter Dv in the rangefrom 3 to 15 μm.
 12. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the coloredresin particle has a ratio (Dv/Dp), of a volume average particlediameter (Dv) to a number average particle diameter (Dp), in the rangefrom 1.0 to 1.3.
 13. The toner according to claim 1, wherein the coloredresin particle has a sphericity from 1.0 to 1.3.
 14. The toner accordingto claim 1 further comprises a parting agent.
 15. The toner according toclaim 14, wherein the parting agent is a synthetic wax or apolyfunctional ester compound.
 16. The toner according to claim 1further comprises a charge control agent.
 17. The toner according toclaim 16, wherein the charge control agent is a charge control resinhaving a weight average molecular weight in the range from 2,000 to50,000.